Infrastruktur, Investasi, dan Ketimpangan Pembangunan Regional di Indonesia: Bukti Empiris 2015-2024

Azwar Kholid

doi:10.61132/moneter.v4i3.2687

Authors

Azwar Kholid Universitas Muhammadiyah Bekasi Karawang

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.61132/moneter.v4i3.2687

Keywords:

Infrastructure, Investment, Regional Development, Regional Inequality, Spatial Economy

Abstract

Regional development inequality remains a structural challenge in Indonesia despite the acceleration of infrastructure construction and the rapid increase in investment realization during the last decade. This study analyzes the relationship among infrastructure availability, investment distribution, and regional development inequality in Indonesia using a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach. Secondary data are drawn from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the Ministry of Investment/BKPM, and the Ministry of National Development Planning/Bappenas, complemented by peer-reviewed studies published during 2015-2025. Road length is used as a proxy for physical connectivity, while realized domestic and foreign investment represents capital deepening. Regional disparity is discussed through provincial GRDP per capita differentials and the Williamson-index framework. The findings show that national road length increased from 537,837 km in 2016 to 543,324 km in 2024, while realized investment reached IDR 1,714.2 trillion in 2024, with 52.2 percent located outside Java. Nevertheless, provincial income gaps remain wide: 2024 GRDP per capita in Jakarta was more than fourteen times that of East Nusa Tenggara. The evidence suggests that infrastructure and investment can reduce spatial inequality only when connectivity improvements are linked to local production networks, human capital, and wider geographic dispersion of productive activities. The study recommends place-based infrastructure policy and investment incentives that prioritize interregional linkages rather than merely aggregate capital formation.

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